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Properties of Materials
 Fall, Winter, Spring and Summer quarters. (GE credit)
Lecture - 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours
Prerequisite: Mathematics 16C or
21C and Chemistry 2A
Introductory course on the properties of engineering
materials and their relation to the internal structure of materials.
Contents
- Introduction
- Laboratory Safety
- Laboratory Reports
- The Ionic Bond
- Mechanical Properties
- The Bi/Sn Equilibrium Phase Diagram
- Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain
Growth
- Appendices
- Demonstrations
1.
Introduction
This is the laboratory component of ENG-45 and features four experiments
which illustrate materials behaviors which engineers in every field will
appreciate. It encompasses experimental techniques, data analysis, and
writing formal laboratory reports. The experiments and related
materials used in the laboratory are offered on this web page.
Summaries of some of the classroom demonstrations done in this course are
given at the bottom of this page.The two-part syllabus below contain the
class meeting schedules, the experiments we will be doing, drop/add
procedures, instructor contact information, etc.
 | ENG-45 Syllabus1 (Handed
out in class, contains information on the experiments, the laboratory
manual, laboratory safety, the calendar, and contact information) |
| ENG-45 Syllabus2
(Drop/add procedures, late reports, making up missed experiments,
grading standards, honor policy and less than original work.) |
Spreadsheets: A relatively recent addition to this course has
been the incorporation of spreadsheets into many aspects of the experiments,
including preparing for and conducting the experiments, analyzing the data
and preparing figures and tables for the reports. Several of the
files available on this page are spreadsheet-based exercises designed to
help the students get the most out of the experiments. If you have never
used spreadsheets such as Corel Quattro Pro or Microsoft Excel before,
consider trying the exercises in the SAMS (Spreadsheet Applications for
Materials Science) module:
The exercise covers basic calculations, graphing data, and
analyzing the data, and provides detailed, step-by-step instructions
for the beginner. CD-ROM: Many
of the files listed here can also be found on the "Community" page of the
CD-ROM that is bundled with the 6th edition of Jim Shackelford's text book,
"Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers". There might be a
few additional files available here and updated/corrected versions of the
files on the CD-ROM will be made available here as soon as they become
available. Top
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2. Laboratory Safety
Laboratory safety is an essential and integral part of this course.
During your first visit to the laboratory the basic rules and procedures
will be presented and every laboratory session will begin with a brief
review of the safety issues related to the equipment and procedures used
in the experiment being done that day. Please visit the
laboratory safety page of this web
site for additional information on this important subject and to view
documents that cover specific safety policies and procedures.
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3. Laboratory Reports
The formal laboratory report is a well known part of this course and
in many respects is just as important as doing the experiments. In
fact, the whole philosophy behind how we design and teach each
experiment is to help the student write a clear, concise, and
informative report, the type of report they will be writing in their
career. Many students find this effort very difficult, citing
difficulty understanding the reports format and other matters. To
help with this we have written a number of documents offering
guidelines, checklists, and suggestions that will help you write your
reports. Please visit the
laboratory reports page to see these documents. For this
course you should pay particular attention to the following:
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4. Ionic Bonding
This is our foray into computational chemistry in which students
create a
spreadsheet that computes the lattice energies and forces, equilibrium ionic spacing, elastic moduli, and
melting point for at least two NaCl-type materials. The main point of the experiment
is to become more familiar with the nature of the chemical bond and its relationship to a
selected macroscopic properties.
File downloads for this experiment are:
| Presentation - an
introduction to the experiment. The same presentation that was
given in the discussion session. (6.35 MB) |
| Notes - a notes printout of the Power Point
presentation used to introduce this topic in the discussion session.
(Version with a white
background.) |
| Preparation
- an introductory exercise that involves performing a few preliminary
calculations before coming to the laboratory to attempt the full
modeling exercise. |
| Procedure - the
complete procedure for the ionic bonding experiment. |
| Report -
recommendations for organizing and presenting the data from the
experiment and writing the laboratory report. |
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The NaCl-type (Halite) structure.
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5. Mechanical Properties
This experiment covers the basics of stress and strain and the common
mechanical properties one can measure using routine hardness and
tensile tests. Several common alloys are tested and several different
types of stress-strain behavior are observed. Materials tested include
low-carbon steel (cold worked and annealed), OFHC copper, and 2024,
6061, 7075 aluminum alloys.File downloads for this experiment are:
| Presentation - A Power
Point presentation that introduces the experiment. This is the
same presentation that was given in the discussion session. (10.0 MB) |
| Notes - a notes
printout of the above Power Point
presentation. (Version
with a white background.) |
| Preparation - an introductory exercise that involves looking up the
mechanical properties of the materials that will be examined during
the experiment. The data is plotted in a bar chart, making it easy to
compare the properties of the different materials. |
| Procedure - the
complete procedure for the mechanical properties experiment. |
| Template - an
Excel spreadsheet template that will help you import/enter your
data and start plotting/analyzing the mechanical properties. |
| Worksheet - A
worksheet that will help you keep track of your data. |
| Report - recommendations for organizing and presenting the data from
the experiment, such as stress-strain curves and bar charts, and
writing the laboratory report. |
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The Instron 4204 universal testing systems used in this experiment.
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6. The Bi-Sn Equilibrium Phase Diagram
The students measure the melting points and transformation
temperatures for various compositions of bismuth and tin and use this
information to construct an equilibrium phase diagram.File downloads for this experiment are:
| Presentation - A Power Point
presentation that introduces the experiment. This is the same
presentation that was given in the discussion session. (17.0 MB) |
| Notes - a notes printout of
the above Power Point
presentation. (Version
with a white background.) |
| Preparation - introductory exercise that involves preparing data
tables and figures that are needed during and after the experiment. |
| Data - data file that can be used to create a Bi/Sn equilibrium phase
diagram using a spreadsheet. |
| Procedure - the
complete procedure for the Bi-Sn phase diagram experiment. |
| Worksheet - A
worksheet that will help you keep track of your data. |
| Report - recommendations for organizing and presenting the data from
the experiment and writing the laboratory report. The tables and graph
generated in the preparatory exercise can be adapted for use in the
final report. |
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Typical results from the Bi/Sn equilibrium phase diagram experiment. |
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7. Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth
The students tensile test heat treated samples of brass to determine
how heat treating influences the mechanical properties. Then they
examine the microstructures and draw conclusions regarding the
relationship between structure, processing and properties.
File downloads for this experiment are:
| Presentation - A
Power Point presentation that introduces the experiment. This
is the same presentation that was given in the discussion session.
(6.38 MB) |
| Notes - a notes
printout of the above Power Point
presentation. (Version
with a white background.) |
| Preparation - an introductory exercise that involves looking up the
mechanical properties of the alloy that will be examined during the
experiment. The data is plotted using an x-y graph that has a second y
axis. This graph illustrates how different properties are altered by
cold working and annealing. |
| Procedure - the
complete procedure for the recovery, recrystallization and grain
growth experiment. |
| Microstructures - the optical micrographs showing the longitudinal and
transverse views of the microstructures of the samples tested during
this experiment. |
| Worksheet - A
worksheet that will help you keep track of your data. |
| Report - recommendations for organizing and presenting the data from
the experiment and writing the laboratory report. The tables and graph
generated in the preparatory exercise can be adapted for use in the
final report. |
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Tensile tested samples of 70/30 brass.
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8. Appendices
The appendices
page at this web site offers a number of documents that you will find useful during and after the laboratory
session. These include tables of materials properties, operating
procedures for the equipment, and documents that will help you get the
most out out your spreadsheet-based assignments and writing the laboratory
reports. The documents you should look are:
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9. Demonstrations
When time allows we also do a number of demonstrations that add another dimension to the laboratory course:
| A Sampling of Important and Interesting Materials |
| The Hot Wire Experiment |
| Laser Diffraction |
| Heat Treatment of Steel |
| Jominy End-quench |
| The Underlying Structure of Materials (video) |
| Lüders Band Formation in Steel (video) |
| Digital Optical Microscopy |
| X-ray Radiography |
| Electron Microscopy |
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A single frame from the Lüders band formation video.
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